# Smoothing

GRUMMP uses the OptMS smoothing package from Argonne National Laboratory, which is based in large part on optimization-based smoothing techniques developed by Freitag, Jones, and Plassmann [2] and summarized in [3]. The central idea is to smooth a vertex location by seeking to optimize some local cell shape measure, such as minimum angle. This implies that each cell may contribute more than one quality value (for example, a tetrahedron has six dihedral angles). The objective function to be optimized is therefore a composite, piecewise-smooth function, as shown in Figure 5.4, with corners where the extremal quality values change. However, for most common cell quality measures, the composite objective function is convex. OptMS uses an analog of the steepest descent method, employing an active set of quality values -- those values that are currently the worst. Step size in the steepest descent iteration is determined by predicting where the next change in active quality values will take place. This approach can be shown to be equivalent to a generalized linear programming problem and therefore the optimum can be found in linear time.

Figure 5.4: Cross-section of the objective function in an optimization-based mesh-smoothing problem

As an important practical matter, optimization-based smoothing is significantly more expensive per vertex than Laplacian smoothing. Accordingly, GRUMMP takes advantage of the floating threshold capability of OptMS. In this procedure, a Laplacian smoothing step is performed for each vertex; the updated position is used only if local mesh quality improves. If local mesh quality is not good enough, optimization is invoked. ``Good enough'', in this context, means that cells incident on the vertex have a worst angle no more than better than the worst angle in the mesh from the previous smoothing pass. This floating threshold procedure results in mesh improvement statistics comparable to full optimization, but at a cost nearly as low as Laplacian smoothing.

Smoothing drivers are found in `src/2D/MeshOpt2D.cxx` and `src/3D/MeshOpt3D.cxx`. The OptMS library is in `src/smoothing`.